基于Le Bissonnais法对黄土高原森林植被带土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性特征研究

土壤团聚体的组成和稳定性是衡量土壤结构和质量的主要指标,本研究应用Le Bissonnais(LB)法的3种筛分方法[快速湿润筛分法(FW)、慢速湿润筛分法(SW)、湿润振荡筛分法(WS)]模拟不同条件(暴雨、小雨、扰动)对土壤团聚体的破坏,通过测定预处理后的团聚体特征来表征黄土高原植被恢复对土壤团聚体的影响,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与生态建设提供科学依据。结果表明:在LB法的3种处理方法下,FW处理(暴雨)对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤团聚体主要以0.2 mm为主;SW处理(小雨)对土壤团聚体的破坏最小,WS处理(扰动)居中。土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(DMW),在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为SWWSFW。土壤团聚体平均几何直径(DGM)0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为SWFWWS,土壤团聚体分形维数(D)0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为WSFWSW。在SW处理下,不同植被类型中铁杆蒿群落、黄刺玫群落(样点6、9)土壤团聚体DMW、DGM值较大,可蚀性(K)较小,表明这两个群落的土壤团聚体更为稳定,在小雨环境下更有利于水土保持。对WS处理,侧柏群落、三角槭群落(样点1、2、3)的土壤团聚体更为稳定,可蚀性(K)值较小,因此在外界扰动环境下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落的土壤抗侵蚀能力更强。在FW处理下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落(样点2、3)土壤团聚体DMW、DGM值较大,可蚀性(K)值较小,表明在外界大雨环境下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落的土壤团聚体稳定性更强,土壤抗侵蚀能力更强。总体来说,对于不同环境,不同植被类型下土壤的团聚体稳定性和抗侵蚀能力差异较大,因此应针对不同的环境,采取不同的植被恢复措施来提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

乐氰乳油对蚜虫增效作用的研究

氰戊菊酯与乐果以不同比例混配对甘蓝上桃蚜的毒力测定表明,均有不同程度的增效作用,以1:50配比最突出,共毒系数在600以上。田间药效试验证明对多种蚜虫都有良好的增效作用,尤其对禾谷缢管蚜、甘蓝上桃蚜的增效显著,并表现出低浓度比高浓度增效明显的趋势。     

Current status of leptospirosis in Japan and Philippines

Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness with a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is encountered throughout the world, prominently in tropical areas with high rainfall. In this paper, we review the current status of leptospirosis in two Asian countries, Japan and Philippines, which have quite different situations in terms of economy, environment, infrastructures and prevailing infectious diseases. In Japan, until 1960, more than 200 deaths due to leptospirosis had been reported yearly. After 1960, the number of reported cases had rapidly decreased. Now, leptospirosis cases notified every year were less than 20. After the early 1960s, modernization of agriculture was introduced, at the same time, inactivated vaccine against Leptospira was applied for humans and there was good maintenance of infrastructures such as water works and sewage systems.

In Philippines, on the other hand, leptospirosis patients tend to be frequently found in flood-prone areas of urban setting such as Metro Manila, which was found to be the endemic foci of leptospirosis. Morbidity in a rural area (Cabatuan, Iloilo) was 147 cases per 100,000 populations. From 1998 to 2001, about 70% of 1200 suspected leptospirosis patients in Philippines were serologically positive. The average age of patients was 32 years old where 87% of the cases were males and 70% were outdoor workers. Case fatality rate was found to be 12–14%. The estimated major serovars in Metro Manila and neighboring provinces were Manilae, Losbanos, Tarassovi, Poi and an unknown serovar. Outbreaks of leptospirosis in the Philippines are thought to be associated with heavy rainfall, rapid urbanization (dramatic increase in populations), deforestation, increasing number of flood-prone areas, poor infrastructures and many others.     

Histopathological classification of systemic Mycobacterium avium complex infections in slaughtered domestic pigs

The aim of this study was to classify the histopathological features of pigs infected with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). We used slaughtered pig organs systemically infected with MAC. The results showed granulomatous lesions which were observed predominantly in the digestive organs and regional lymph nodes rather than respiratory organs. The histological picture showed a wide range of granulomatous stages from exudative to fibrotic reactions to the MAC infection. Eosinophils and giant cells were characteristically observed in the exudative reactions. The histopathological type in primary focus tended to be maintained in the respective organs. Most strains with the same genotype showed pathogenicity for guinea pigs irrespective of the type of granuloma. Although these findings suggest that different stages of a granulomatous lesion originating from the same causative agent might influence histological patterns, other possibilities such as the hereditary background of the host, or the effects of viral infections should be considered.     

试析园林桥在法国古典主义园林中鲜见之因——以凡尔赛宫苑为例

法国古典主义园林在欧洲造园史上具有很高的地位,凡尔赛宫苑是其杰出代表作品之一,然而其中很难见到园林桥的应用。本文试图从政治、文化、历史、景观、功能和科技诸方面解析原因,寻找属于那个时代的特质。     

《永乐大典》:类书还是百科全书

本文就《永乐大典》是类书还是百科全书这个问题,从其定义、历史、特点、内容、功用、编排等方面进行辨别,得出《永乐大典》是类书而非百科全书的结论。     

Effects of Soil Conditioners on Aggregate Stability in a Clay Loam Soil: A Comparison Study of Biomass Ash with Other Four Conditioners

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil conditioners on the structure stability of degraded soil. Biomass ash, lime, lime with zeolite, biological fertilizer and peat ash, mixed with chemical fertilizer were selected as soil conditioners. A pot experiment with degraded clay loam soil (a Cambisol) was carried out. The stability of soil aggregates was analyzed by the Le Bissonnais method. The results showed that macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) of biomass ash treatment in fast wetting test stayed stable compared with others. The higher mean weight diameter and geometrical mean diameter in biomass ash treatment indicated a high stability from external forces. From this study, the stability of soil aggregates was improved by the addition of biomass ash in degraded soil effectively, but more attention should be paid on soil slope protection during heavy-rain seasons.     

应用Le Bissonnais法研究茶园土壤团聚体稳定性

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,应用Le Bissonnais法研究茶园土壤团聚体稳定性。结果表明：（1）不同植茶年限茶园土壤>5 mm团聚体含量均表现为湿润扰动处理（81.05%~95.62%）>慢速湿润处理（64.18%~89.31%）>快速湿润处理（17.62%~24.26%）,团聚体平均质量直径（MWD）、几何均重直径（GWD）和偏倚系数（C_S）值也具有相同的变化规律,表明茶园土壤团聚体的崩解机制主要是快速湿润时孔隙内封闭的空气压力作用,快速湿润处理更接近茶园土壤实际情况;（2）快速湿润处理下,土壤团聚体稳定性对茶树连作的响应存在明显差异。随着植茶年限的增加,土壤团聚体MWD、GMD和C_S值先降低后升高,在植茶23 a时最低。表明茶园土壤团聚体稳定性在植茶23 a时最弱;（3）在快速湿润处理下,茶园土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤有机质和粘粒含量呈显著正相关。表明茶园土壤有机质和粘粒含量升高有利于土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性增强。因此,在茶园管理中应加强铺草覆盖,减弱消散作用对团聚体的破坏,植茶16~23 a时需增施有机肥料,以提高茶园土壤团聚体稳定性。     

70%艾美乐水分散粒剂防治大豆蚜虫田间药效

通过对70%艾美乐水分散粒剂对大豆蚜虫的防效进行试验研究,结果表明：使用70%艾美乐水分散粒剂22.5~30.0 g.hm-2在实际田间操作条件下对大豆蚜虫的防效在95.0%~97.6%,防效较好。